![]() ![]() For example, modern multilayer piezoelectric actuators (MPEAs) consist of stacked layers of thin films of conventional PEM such as barium titanate (BT) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) embedded with metal electrodes ( Fig. Consequently, the piezoelectric community has successfully incorporated the multifunctionality of PEM (i.e., polarization characteristics, dielectric, elastic, and piezo/ferroelectric properties) at reduced length scales (i.e., in thin films, MEMS, and NEMS devices). 1,2 With the advent of micro- and nanotechnology, there is a continuous thrust to employ these PEM as thin films (approximately few nm in size) in various micro-electromechanical (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS). 1) of PEM can be tailored by the microstructural length scales (from atomistic and grain level) and hence are promising candidates for sensors, actuators, semiconductors, ultrasonic biomedical transducers, many electronics, and energy harvesting devices. ![]() The dielectric, piezoelectric, and electromechanical properties ( Fig. Piezoelectric materials (hereafter abbreviated as PEMs) have extensive applications in various solid-state devices due to the growing interdependence between various multidisciplinary fields. The last part summarizes current challenges, future perspectives, and important observations. In the midst, the mechanical behavior of PEM and related mechanical characterization techniques (from mesoscale to nanoscale) are highlighted. The first part provides significant insights into the multifunctionality of PEM and various contributing microstructural length scales, followed by a motivation to characterize the mechanical properties from the application's point of view. Therefore, this article presents a systematic outlook on ex situ and in situ deformation experiments in mechanical and electromechanical environments, related mechanical behavior, and ferroelectric/elastic distortion during deformation. The advent of nanotechnology has led materials scientists to develop in situ testing techniques to probe the real-time electromechanical behavior of PEMs. The present article aims to give a tutorial on the mechanical testing of PEMs, ranging from the conventional bulk deformation experiments to the most recent small-scale testing techniques from a materials science perspective. However, proportional review articles providing the mechanical characterization of PEM are relatively few. Over the years, progress in probing individual electrical and mechanical properties of PEM has been notable. Notably, these PEMs can be employed across several length scales (both intrinsic and extrinsic) ranging from mesoscale (bulk ceramics) to nanoscale (thin films) during their applications. Piezoelectric materials (PEMs) find a wide spectrum of applications that include, but are not limited to, sensors, actuators, semiconductors, memory devices, and energy harvesting systems due to their outstanding electromechanical and polarization characteristics. ![]()
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